Faravid – Historian ja arkeologian tutkimuksen aikakauskirja
Faravid on Pohjois-Suomen Historiallinen Yhdistys ry:n julkaisema kahdesti vuodessa ilmestyvä historian ja arkeologian tutkimuksen aikakauskirja.
Pohjois-Suomen Historiallinen Yhdistys ry
Juhannuskarkeloista kaupunkipuistotoiveisiin
National parks have been the most recognized form of nature conservation worldwide, but nature has also been significant in urban environments. In Finland, cities began establishing so-called people’s parks or municipal parks from the late 19th century. These were natural or lightly maintained recreational and hiking areas that were easily accessible and freely available to urban residents. Since 2000, it has also been possible to establish national urban parks with a more official status. The relationship between cities and their people’s/municipal parks has involved tensions arising from urban growth and economic land use requirements. This article examines the use of the Ounasvaara recreational area near the city of Rovaniemi and its long-term development and conservation goals. It is particularly important to look at conflicts, as they reveal the values and motivations of different stakeholders. The sources emphasize newspapers from the earlier part of the period and city and authority documents from the later part. From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, there were no significant conflicts related to the use of Ounasvaara. It was a very rural people’s park where traditional and new uses coexisted. Midsummer festivities and winter sports events at Ounasvaara attracted large audiences, but these events were seasonal and there was little construction in the area. The first initiative for conservation was made as early as 1910, but even then, tourism and nature conservation were not considered conflicting purposes. The area was quite large, and the proportion of private land ownership was significant, so conservation decisions could not be achieved over a long period despite several plans. A ski lodge was built on the hill in 1949, and a hotel was constructed in 1968. The hotel construction already faced criticism from local heritage and nature associations, contrasting the concept of a people’s park with the interests of a small group of hotel guests. The construction of sports and tourism services as well construction related to city expansion and public services progressed on the slopes of Ounasvaara from the 1970s, which increased public debate and conflict between conservationists and the business sector, even though the hilltop area largely remained natural for a long time. The land use needs of the city and businesses influenced the development of many other municipal parks, but Ounasvaara was especially impacted by expanded mass tourism, particularly Lapland’s experience tourism. It became such a significant factor that the initiative to establish a national urban park was halted in 2018. Public and local political discussions about developing Ounasvaara became very intense and polarized in Rovaniemi during the 2000s.
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Trumpin Amerikka-kuva amerikkalaisittain tulkittuna
Highway Robbery in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–17th Century
Road robbery is a specific crime that was widespread across Europe and has been around for ages. The gangs that emerged would rob and live along the roads. Historians have taken note of this social phenomenon. However, the historiography has mainly focused on road robbery in Western Europe in the 15th and 17th centuries. Historians have much less studied road robbery in Eastern Europe, what may lead to the unreliable perception that the scale of these crimes in Eastern Europe was lower. This article examines the case of road robbery in the GDL: the causes and circumstances of crimes, the timing and location, and the composition of social groups of the perpetrators and the victims. The study has led to conclusions that add to the knowledge of the history of crime in Europe.
The Interplay Between Non-Human Animals and Modernising Forestry in Finland During 1910s
Artikkeli tutkii metsänhoidon ja eläinten välistä suhdettä 1900-luvun alun Suomessa, jolloin modernisaatio ja taloudelliset muutokset muuttivat nousevan poliittisen yhteisön paradigmoja. Tutkimus keskittyy analysoimaan taloudellisen edun ylivoimaa erityisesti suhteessa eläimiin paljastaen talouden ylivoiman resurssikilpailussa. Tärkeimpänä lähteenä on A. K. Cajanderin (1879–1943) julkaisematon käsikirjoitus Metsänhoidon perusteet III, jonka avulla tutkitaan yhtäältä eläinten rooleja ja toimijuutta, jolla he muokkasivat metsään liittyvää diskurssia. Toisaalta se paljastaa, kuinka roolit heijastavat metsänhoitoon liittyviä ideologioita. Cajanderin tekstien kontekstualisoimiseksi, tutkimus luotaa sekä Cajanderin muita kirjoituksia että muiden tekijöiden kirjoja ja sanomalehtiaineistoja. Tutkimus esittää, että ympäristöajatteluun keskittyvä aatehistoria pystyy tuottamaan uusia tulkintoja asettamalla eläimet tutkimuksen keskiöön: metodi haastaa ihmiskeskeiset näkemykset ja paljastaa kuinka eläimet toimivat muutoksen agentteina ja kuinka heidän rooli vaikuttaa ihmisen ja ympäristön väliseen dynamiikkaan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faravid – Historian ja arkeologian tutkimuksen aikakauskirja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Fecundity and Ferocity of the European Peoples: The Reception of Two Classical topoi in the Res Germanicae (1531) of Beatus Rhenanus
This article looks at the reception, in the Res Germanicae of the prominent Alsatian humanist Beatus Rhenanus, of a classical assemblage of literary tropes that portrayed European barbarian groups as naturally prone to over-abundance of fertility as well as intrinsically fierce. In antiquity, the conjuncture of ideas about threatening demographic growth and natural ferocity affected deeply the way that Romans thought about their relationship with the northerners, whether ‘free’ groups or provincials. In Rhenanus’ conception of the early Germanic history, though, the otherwise faithfully followed testimonies of ancient authors have been selectively utilized in this regard. While the motif of ferocity is put into use, the idea of European barbarians’ fecundity is conspicuously avoided. Several explanations connected with Rhenanus’ authorial intentions and historical context are proposed for this factor in classical reception, ranging from the role of the Ottoman threat in the Early Modern European imagination, to the preference for the notion of ancient Germanic martial virtus as an explanatory factor for their successes instead of their numbers. What Rhenanus’ strategies of reception reveal is an open-ended negotiation with the classical inheritance during a very crucial period in the formation of the concept of Europe.
Kaaos hallitsee. Hesiodoksen Theogonia ja kreikkalainen black metal
Ancient gods and their mythology are one of the most important themes in black metal music. Particularly from the early 1990s onwards, with the rise of the modern, so-called second wave of black metal, some of the new bands of the genre replaced the satanic/individualistic approach that had been the predominant theme in the genre. Instead, they turned to traditional, pre-Christian mythologies of their native cultures as an inspiration for their music and lyrics. The birth of modern black metal is usually considered to have taken place in Norway and other Nordic countries, and rightly so. However, from very early on, we can find black metal bands from other parts of Europe as well. A particularly important scene outside the north was in Greece, where several black metal bands emerged already in the 1980s and later as part of the second wave in the 90s. My paper takes a closer look at the role of Theogonia (‘the birth of the gods’) by Hesiod in Greek black metal. Hesiod’s poem, composed circa 730–700 BCE, is one of the most complete and important sources for understanding early Greek cosmology and mythology. As a result, it should provide an excellent starting basis for Greek black metal bands, considering the vast importance of national mythologies for the genre. As my paper shows, while the gods of Theogonia are widely used by Greek bands, the actual opus of Hesiod is much less used by them. Accordingly, the article mostly concentrates on the most explicit case, the album Theogonia by one of the most important Greek black metal bands, Rotting Christ. As the paper points out, while the band used Hesiod’s work as a basis and framework, their approach was not very similar to traditional ‘pagan’-oriented black metal bands. Instead, their lyrics concentrated on individualism and rebellion, not so much on national or even ‘collective’ themes that were often prominent when dealing with ancient mythology.
“Pythagoras, Ptolemy, Socrates these people are thieves”: Afrocentrism and Classical Past in Rap Music
Antiikintutkimuksesta Oulun yliopistossa vuosina 1972–2024
Valheita Trumpin Amerikasta – vastine kirja-arvioon
Copyright (c) 2025 Faravid – Historian ja arkeologian tutkimuksen aikakauskirja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.fi
The Death Seat of Two Russian Soldiers – Folklore From the Great Wrath
The period known as the Great Wrath was associated with the Great Northern War (1700–1721) and the Russian invasion to Finland therein. The Great Wrath lasted from 1714 to 1721 being an extremely painful epoch especially for Northern Ostrobothnia. The devastation caused by the Russian Military was so complete that the conventional written sources from that time, such as parish registers, are almost absent. Most of the houses and churches in the area were burnt and people killed or enslaved. In addition, the great majority of the local authorities fled to safer regions. Thus direct historical sources and material culture associated with this period are sparse. Significant part of the information about the everyday life and particular events is based on oral tradition being generated 300 years ago. This study was focused on a particular tale from Haapavesi, Northern Ostrobothnia. An old wooden bench being the main character of this story. According to the folklore, at some point during the Great Wrath two Russian soldiers were sitting on the bench, then located in a house called Ojala and killed by the members of local resistance. The soldiers were then buried in nearby forest. The burial place was later renamed as Ryssänkorpi (Russian backwoods) to reflect this incidence. There are also other local names that are potentially associated with the Great Wrath such as flight routes and hiding places. In this study we take a closer look at the old wooden bench that potentially represents an exceptional artefact, directly related to incidences of the Great Wrath. To confirm the authenticity of the bench a dendrochronological analyses were performed to provide accurate dating for the wood that was used to construct the bench. The results of dendrochronological analyses indicated that the pine tree that was used as raw material for the bench had grown at least until 1839. The bench was thus probably manufactured in 1840s. This is more than hundred years after the Great Northern War. The bench was thus not linked with Great Wrath or killings of the Russian soldiers. It is possible that the original bench has disappeared at some point or the accuracy of the folklore is weak. Oral tradition can not be considered as accurate. Places, names and points of time tend to change.
Hyvä jätkä ku Caligula – antiikin representaatioita suomenkielisessä rap-lyriikassa
The influence of the Greco-Roman world is deeply embedded in all spheres of Western culture. Its stories, myths, and classical quotations are woven into everyday language and cultural expression, making their presence in popular poetic forms, such as rap lyrics, unsurprising. This article examines Finnish rap lyrics from the 2010s and 2020s that contain references to the classical world. Notably, references to Greek mythology are the most prevalent, with figures such as the Midas touch and the Trojan horse frequently used as idiomatic expressions. For example, these allusions serve as a means to critique contemporary societal issues and generational concerns, such as consumerism and biodiversity loss, as rap lyrics often reflect the socio-political context in which they are composed. Additionally, quotations from ancient authors are present in the lyrics, appearing in various forms—some as direct citations in Latin, others as modified versions, and some translated into Finnish. Overall, the use of references to the classical world in the analyzed lyrics is highly creative, revealing multiple layers of meaning upon closer examination. Moreover, the lyrics demonstrate that expressions rooted in classical antiquity seamlessly integrate into contemporary Finnish self-expression.
Pohjolan Sparta ja Thermopylai joka päivä?
The golden age of Sparta ended with the Battle of Leuktra in 371 BCE, yet its reception and influence remained strong, particularly during the Roman period. Writers like Pausanias and Plutarch sustained its mythical reputation, and Leonidas’ hero cult was even revived to inspire Trajan’s Persian campaigns. Sparta has significantly influenced both social philosophy and military culture throughout European and American history. Finland, too, has engaged with Spartan imagery, from its Grand Duchy period to independence. Songs like Ateenalaisten laulu (The Song of the Athenians), based on a poem by Tyrtaeus and set to music by Jean Sibelius, and Thermopylain laulu (The Song of Thermopylae) by Heikki Klemetti and Uuno Kailas, were widely popular in the Republic of Finland. At times, Finland has even been called “The Sparta of the North.” Today, Sparta remains well known in Finland, primarily through movies, comics, and video games. Its influence is visible in gym names, security companies, and sports teams. However, in global and social media contexts, Spartan imagery is often linked to far-right ideology and militarism. While European right-wing populism has surfaced in Finland, its engagement with Sparta differs from that of other countries. This article examines Finland’s reception of ancient Sparta from the early 19th century onward, drawing primarily from historical newspapers in The National Archives of Finland. Two key findings emerge: first, Finland was frequently likened to the Spartans at Thermopylae during the Civil War of 1918 and World War II. Second, unlike their counterparts in for example France, Greece, Sweden, and the U.S., Finland’s far-right movements have not widely adopted Spartan iconography or ethos.
Images of Inequality: AI Created Depictions of Ancient Social Stratification
The study of historical inequality has gained increasing attention in recent years, particularly in archaeology. Our understanding of the past is shaped by contemporary perspectives, especially when examining concepts such as inequality, which were perceived differently in antiquity than they are today. This article explores how artificial intelligence (AI) contributes to the visualization of ancient inequality by generating images based on textual prompts. Focusing on the ancient Roman world, it examines the biases embedded in AI-generated images and their implications for historical understanding. AI image generators, such as DeepAI and Adobe Firefly, produce visuals by drawing on extensive training datasets of images and captions. As AI-generated images become more prevalent – often used alongside textual narratives and oral presentations – they have the potential to shape public and scholarly perceptions of historical subjects, including ancient inequality. This article addresses four key questions: 1. What do AI image generators produce when given prompts related to antiquity and inequality? 2. What can the generated images reveal about the training data used in these AI models? 3. How useful are AI-generated images for studying ancient inequality and its reception? 4. What broader insights can these images offer for the study of ancient social structures? To investigate these questions, this study analyzes AI-generated images of inequality using three levels of prompts: general (“ancient”), more specific (“Roman”), and highly specific (“Pompeii”), and with different types of other definitions, such as social, wealth, and health inequality. The results reveal that AI-generated images primarily depict outdoor scenes featuring people and architectural elements, often including columns and similar supporting structures. A key finding is that the visual styles of these AI-generated images reflect the biases of their underlying datasets. DeepAI tends to generate images resembling early modern and modern paintings, suggesting that its training data associates these artistic traditions with depictions of ancient inequality. Firefly, by contrast, produces images with a more video game-like aesthetic, likely influenced by social media and commercial sites. Although AI-generated images offer valuable insights into how ancient material has been received and reinterpreted over time, they do not explicitly highlight ancient social hierarchies or inequality. Recognizing their relevance to historical inequality requires extensive knowledge of both ancient history and later artistic traditions. Moreover, AI-generated images inherently reflect and amplify the biases of their source material. Since much of the surviving ancient literature represents elite perspectives, these biases are embedded in the AI-generated reconstructions. Additionally, the training material – often in the form of historical paintings/pictures – likely embodies the preconceptions of the artists at the time the originals were created. These images serve as starting points, which the AI modifies using the full range of textual connotations associated with the concepts it is prompted to generate, further compounding the layers of historical and cultural bias.
Lucretius’ Atomism as an Ideological Forerunner of Modern Astronomy
The modern astronomic picture of the universe is astonishing: outer space is filled with a myriad of planets, stars, galaxies, and black holes, and it seems that the universe has come into existence through a primordial explosion. The modern image has required highly developed scientific devices, such as powerful telescopes. In antiquity, the description of the celestial world was established by ordinary observation of the sky, empirical reasoning and primitive astronomical devices. Titus Lucretius Carus, a poet, philosopher and an adherent of Epicureanism in the late Roman period, favoured experience and empirical reasoning. Although he is not an astronomer and propounds incorrect, obsolete, and unclear astronomical views, I argue in this article that he is an ideological forerunner of modern astronomy. Specifically because (1) his work De rerum natura was a source of inspiration for natural scientist especially in the early modern period, (2) his astronomical views and modern astronomy have points of contact and (3) he discusses matters, which are topical in modern astronomy.
Turun Sanomien välittämä kuva urheilusta kansainvälisen vaikuttamisen keinona jatkosodan aikana
Sanomalehdistö on vaikuttanut liikuntakulttuurin muodostumiseen Suomessa. Urheilu ja maanpuolustus ovat tukeneet toisiaan koko itsenäisen Suomen historian ajan. Urheilupolitiikan noustessa itsenäistymisen myötä tärkeäksi osaksi julkista valtaa, urheilutoimijoilla oli tärkeä rooli itsenäisyyden turvaajina. Urheilu edisti armeijan puolustuskuntoisuutta ja näin ollen kansakunnan elinkelpoisuutta. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen, miten Turun Sanomat kirjoitti liikunnasta ja urheilusta kansainvälisen vaikuttamisen keinona jatkosodan aikana. Tutkimukseni aineisto koostuu Turun Sanomien jatkosodan aikaisista numeroista 25.6.1941 – 19.9.1944. Jatkosodan aikaisista numeroista olen valinnut tarkemmin analysoitavaksi yhteensä 250 liikuntaa ja urheilua käsittelevää kirjoitusta. Sotien aikana Turun Sanomat oli yksi Suomen merkittävimmistä ja seuratuimmista sanomalehdistä. Lehden liberaalinen linja, johon itsenäisyyden menettämisen uhka toi nationalistisia piirteitä, on mielenkiintoinen. Turun Sanomien valintaa alkuperäisaineistoksi puoltavat myös paikallishistoriallinen näkökulma ja väitöskirjani maantieteellinen rajaus. Jatkosotaa edeltäneen talvisodan aikaisessa kansainvälisessä vaikuttamisessa keskeistä oli tuen ja avunannon pyytäminen. Tähän käytettiin välineenä urheilua, esimerkiksi Taisto Mäen ja Paavo Nurmen Yhdysvaltojen kilpailukiertueen muodossa. Paavo Nurmen agendalla oli juoksunäytösten ohella esimerkiksi aseellisen avun pyytäminen Yhdysvalloilta. Nurmen palattua kiertueeltaan hän alkoi ottaa kantaa kotimaan asioihin; nyt oli keskityttävä suurten urheilutapahtumien sijaan kansalaisten liikuttamiseen. Jatkosodassa suomalaiset eivät tehneet Yhdysvaltojen kiertueita. Maailmaa valloittivat kestävyysjuoksuhegemonian saavuttaneet ruotsalaiset – Gunder Hägg etunenässä. Suomi suhtautui urheilunkin osalta asevelihengessä Saksaan, ainakin tiettyyn pisteeseen saakka. Jatkosodassa kansainvälisen vaikuttamisen keinot olivat entistäkin rajatummat; Suomen osanotto kansainvälisiin kilpailuihin väheni ja talvisodan henki vaihtui eräänlaiseksi suhteellisuudentajuksi. Sodan pitkittyessä huomio oli enemmän ja enemmän kansan liikuttamisessa ja nuorison kasvattamisessa.
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30 vuotta taidehistoriaa Oulun yliopistossa 1992–2022 – Muistikuvia
A Message From 1870s Japan: The Education of Women Is Important
Rautakautisia löytöjä Sievin Evijärveltä
Nälkävuodet Oulun läänissä, Haapajärven kihlakunnassa ja Kärsämäen ja Reisjärven seurakunnissa 1860-luvulla
Suomen nälkävuodet 1860-luvulla olivat yksi Euroopan viimeisistä suurista väestökatastrofeista. Artikkelin tarkoituksena oli tutkia nälkävuosien syitä ja seurauksia Oulun läänissä. Eri lähdeaineistojen kautta halusin saada vastauksia kysymyksiin, miten katovuodet kohdistuivat läänin eri alueisiin, mitä vaikutuksia niillä oli alueen väestöön ja mitkä tekijät vaikuttivat koettujen väestömuutosten taustalla. Koko läänin tasolla tarkasteltuna nähdään selvästi, että pohjoiset kihlakunnat, Kemi ja Lappi, selvisivät nälkävuosista selvästi muita alueita paremmin. Syitä tähän lienee kaksi. Ne eivät olleet yhtä riippuvaisia viljan viljelystä kuin eteläiset alueet, vaan pohjoisessa maatalous oli karjatalouspainotteisempi. Kemin kihlakunta oli Oulun läänin ylivoimaisesti tärkein vointuotantoalue 1860-luvulla. Toinen, tärkeämpi, syy oli ehkä se, etteivät nälänhädän liikkeelle ajaneet kerjäläislaumat suunnanneet kulkuaan pohjoiseen vaan etelään. Näin tauditkaan eivät levinneet pohjoisiin kihlakuntiin samassa mittakaavassa kuin eteläisiin. Tutkimus vahvistaa aiempien tutkimusten käsitystä siitä, että suuret nälkävuodet koettelivat voimakkaimmin Oulun läänin eteläosia, varsinkin Haapajärven kihlakuntaa. Monien siihen kuuluneiden pitäjien suhteelliset väestötappiot olivat koko Suomen suurimpien joukossa. Yksittäisistä seurakunnista eniten kärsi Reisjärvi. Sen väestötilastoja tutkimalla selviää, että nälänhädästä huolimatta vain harvat kuolivat varsinaisesti nälkään. Pääasiallisina tappajina olivat taudit, varsinkin lavantauti ja punatauti.
Correlation Between Migration and Security of Finland and Romania
This article examines the problem of migration as a social product and construction of objective reality in the case of Finland and Romania. We seek to analyze the question of migration from the perspective of security identifying the aspects which have an impact on the national security of the two countries. In this study the following research questions could be answered: What is the status and role of Finland and Romania as countries of destination and countries of transit? Is migration also a source of benefits besides the source of danger, risks and threat to the national and regional security? Do the Finnish welfare services conflict with the pluralism of immigrants’ service needs? Are the values of immigrant workers perceived to be in conflict with the methods and goals of the Finnish and Romanian service system? As well, we investigate the views of the countries in question regarding the difficulties caused by the issues of cooperation, intercultural interaction, organization of work and contradictory attitudes related to differentiating the support measures and services offered to citizens of the respective countries and to people with a foreign background. These unfavourable representations that the Finnish and Romanian citizens have about the invaders who threaten their communities are repeatedly a source of hostility among them.
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Piispankivi – rajamerkki vai sittenkin jotakin muuta?
Piispankivi is a monumental stone structure in Bothnian Bay, built on the island of Iso-Huituri in the coastal area of the town of Tornio. Its cubical stone filled feature is appr. three metres high and has four appr. six metres wide walls. Explanations for the purpose of this man-made structure derive from the name of the structure: Bishop’s stone. According to the prevailing interpretation, Piispankivi would be a part of a chain of boundary markers between the dioceses of Uppsala and Turku, which extends to Western Lapland. The structure would have been built as a boundary marker around 1346 or shortly after the bishops of Uppsala and Turku met in the Bothnian Bay to agree on regional and tax matters. In this paper we propose another explanation. In our view old maps, documentation of border disputes from the 16th to 18th centuries, and traditional border demarcation practices at sea do not support the interpretation of the Piispankivi as a sign of the diocesan boundary, instead they reveal arguments against it. We would suggest an explanation based on the structure’s monumental symbolism, which is supported by the massiveness of the structure and the large amount of work it required at sea, far from settlements. We consider it most likely that the Piispankivi would have been erected by the Bishop of Uppsala and built by local peasants in the 1370s or later as a massive monument in the disputed border region to mark the archbishop's territory with its taxing rights against the power aspirations of Novgorod. At present, Piispankivi is one of the oldest ancient monuments preserved in its original form in Northern Finland.
Sarjakuva pohjoisen lehdissä vuoteen 1944
Pohjois-Suomessa sarjakuva valjastettiin ensimmäisenä poliittisen satiirin käyttöön, kun Jätkä-pilalehti K.A. Suvannon tekemän Antti Lehkosen merkilliset elämänvaiheet -sarjan. Inspiraatio julkaisuun tuli saksankielisestä maailmasta, jossa vastaavilla tarinoilla oli perinteitä jo 1840-luvulta saakka. Saksasta tuli muutenkin paljon vaikutteita Suomeen, joten suunta oli luonteva. Lisäksi työväenliikkeessä seurattiin alueen tapahtumia tarkasti. Eurooppalaista vaikutusta olivat Jätkän kustantamon päälehden Kansan Tahdon joulukuussa 1913 aloittamat Kuvakatsaukset. Viikon keskeiset uutiset kertaavalla sarjakuvakatsauksella oli juuret myös alkavassa uutisfilmien maailmassa. Niiden alku oli Ranskassa, mutta nopeasti niitä tehtiin ympäri maailman, myös Suomessa. Kuvakatsaus oli houkutin uudistaa lehden tilaus seuraavalle vuodelle. 1930-luvulla samaa keinoa sarjakuvien avulla käyttivät Raahen Seutu ja Kainuun Sanomat. Pohjoisen aikakauslehtiin sarjakuvat tulivat tiedonhalun kautta. Useammat suojeluskuntapiirit antoivat alueellisissa lehdissään sotilasoppia. Tämä valistus päättyi, kun tiedon epäiltiin päätyvän myös vääriin käsiin. Huumori- ja viihdesarjakuvat tulivat Suomeen pääasiassa Yhdysvalloista. Siellä 1890-luvulla oli sarjakuva kaupallistettu osaksi lehdistön levikkitaistelua, täällä mahdollisuudesta kiinnostuttiin vasta 1920-luvun puolivälin jälkeen kilpailun lukijoista kiristyttyä. Ensimmäinen välähdys amerikkalaisista perhesarjakuvista pohjoisessa olivat tupakkaa markkinoivat mainossarjakuvat. Amerikkalaiset syndikaatit myivät sarjakuviaan alueellisten toimistojen kautta. Suomeen niitä ei ajanjaksolla perustettu, eikä Tukholmasta tai Kööpenhaminasta operoivat myyjät näyttäneet olevan kiinnostuneita Pohjois-Suomesta markkina-alueena. Alue jäi pitkälti kotimaisen toimijan, Tekijätoimiston, varaan. Vuonna 1935 aloittanut suomalainen syndikaatti sai myytyä Helsingissä tai Tampereella asuneiden Poika Vesannon, Ami Hauhion ja Eeli Jaatisen sarjakuvia useampaankin lehteen. Oululainen Kaleva yritti 1930-luvun alussa omaa sarjakuvatuotantoa. Paikallisten tekijöiden ammattitaito sarjakuvien tekemisessä oli kuitenkin vasta kehittymässä, joten yleisön suuren suosion saavuttaminen jäi toteutumatta. Osa pohjoisen tekijöistä sai arvokasta oppia siitä, miten lukijoihin vetoava painotuotteeseen siirretty piirros tehtiin. Lehdet julkaisivat sarjakuvat yleensä viihteeksi tai lapsille suunnatuissa lehden osioissa. Julkisanotuissa syissä sarjakuva oli tarkoitettu nuorempien lukijoiden silmille, mutta myös vanhempien lukijoiden toivottiin ottavat hahmot omikseen. Kotimaiset tekijät olivat ammentaneet oppinsa pääasiassa Yhdysvalloista, joten kotimainen tuotanto korvasi pohjoisessa amerikkalaisten perhesarjojen voittokulun. Ennen vuotta 1944 sarjakuvat eivät saaneet kiinteää sijaa tai vakiopaikkaa Pohjois-Suomessa julkaistuissa (sanoma)lehdissä. Lukijoiden kiinnostusta testattiin, mutta vakituista tarjontaa ei (vielä) aloitettu.
From Variable Animal Populations to the Nordic Mountain Cattle Breeds
In recent years, human’s shared past with animals has been recognised as one of the topical issues in the field of history. This article raises one question about the history of domestic animals, which is little known in previous studies conducted in Finland – animal breeding and native animals. First, I outline the stages of the birth of native animal breeds. Second, I analyse how this manifested in breeding local cattle types in northern Sweden, Finland and Norway at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century. In the modern sense of the concept, establishing breeds was the basis for the white cattle of northern Fennoscandia, now conserved as at-risk or endangered native breeds and known as the Nordic Mountain Cattle.
Kysymys imperialismin ajan kurjuushistoriasta
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Perusteellinen esitys vähän tunnetusta kylmän sodan emigranttien poliittisesta foorumista
Tutkijan tie: aktivismista globalisaatioon – Japani toiseuden peilinä
Mantšukuon kansainvälispoliittinen merkitys Suomelle 1932–1942